{"id":2123,"date":"2026-01-27T20:04:07","date_gmt":"2026-01-27T19:04:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.toutsurfroment.fr\/VERSION4\/?p=2123"},"modified":"2026-01-27T20:16:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-27T19:16:03","slug":"eloge-de-la-geographie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.toutsurfroment.fr\/VERSION4\/index.php\/2026\/01\/27\/eloge-de-la-geographie\/","title":{"rendered":"Eloge de la g\u00e9ographie !"},"content":{"rendered":"
You need to add a widget, row, or prebuilt layout before you’ll see anything here. \ud83d\ude42<\/div>\n\n\n

 <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Pour l\u2019enfant, amoureux de cartes et d’estampes,<\/em><\/p\n\n\n\n

 L\u2019univers est \u00e9gal \u00e0 son vaste app\u00e9tit.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ah ! que le monde est grand \u00e0 la clart\u00e9 des lampes !<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aux yeux du souvenir, que le monde est petit !<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Charles Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du Mal<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e8s l’Antiquit\u00e9, la g\u00e9ographie est essentiellement de la cartographie. La connaissance du monde s\u2019affine au cours des \u00e2ges avec le perfectionnement des outils de connaissance : cosmographie, explorations maritimes\u2026 On se souvient encore des grands noms de la discipline d\u00e8s l\u2019Antiquit\u00e9 : H\u00e9rodote, autant historien que g\u00e9ographe, Pyth\u00e9as, le navigateur, \u00c9ratosth\u00e8ne, le scientifique qui calcule la circonf\u00e9rence de la terre, Strabon, auteur d\u2019une g\u00e9ographie en 17 volumes, Ptol\u00e9m\u00e9e qui con\u00e7oit un syst\u00e8me de coordonn\u00e9es et de projections\u2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La p\u00e9riode des grandes d\u00e9couvertes aux alentours des XV\u00e8me et XVI\u00e8me si\u00e8cles donne un \u00e9lan sans pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent \u00e0 la connaissance des continents et \u00e0 la cartographie. La connaissance des cartes terrestres et maritimes est une branche de l\u2019art de la guerre qui se d\u00e9veloppe avec les guerres royales des XVII\u00e8me et XVIII\u00e8me si\u00e8cles et, bien s\u00fbr, avec l\u2019empire napol\u00e9onien. On a tous vu dans nos livres d\u2019histoire des extraits de la cartographie des Cassini qui couvrait pour la premi\u00e8re fois l\u2019ensemble de notre territoire. \u201cLa g\u00e9ographie, \u00e7a sert d\u2019abord \u00e0 faire la guerre\u201d, expliquait, il y a quelques d\u00e9cennies, le g\u00e9ographe Yves Lacoste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e8s 1802, la g\u00e9ographie appara\u00eet dans les programmes des lyc\u00e9es qu’on appelait “\u00e9coles imp\u00e9riales”, puis dans ceux du Primaire avec la loi Guizot de 1833. Ce n\u2019est qu\u2019en 1872 qu\u2019elle devient une mati\u00e8re obligatoire et distincte dans les \u00e9coles primaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La grande p\u00e9riode fondatrice de l\u2019\u00e9cole fran\u00e7aise de g\u00e9ographie remonte \u00e0 la fin du XIX\u00e8me et au d\u00e9but du XX\u00e8me si\u00e8cle avec Elis\u00e9e Reclus puis Emmanuel Vidal de Lablache, dont le nom \u00e9voque pour les plus anciens ces cartes que l\u2019on accrochait au tableau noir de nos \u00e9coles et que l\u2019on transportait de salles en salles. Cela nous donnait, \u00e0 nous professeurs de g\u00e9ographie, une allure reconnaissable entre toutes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9ographie, plus que l\u2019histoire, \u00e9tait souvent mal aim\u00e9e des \u00e9l\u00e8ves, encombr\u00e9e qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait de longues nomenclatures, de listes de pays, de villes, de ressources mini\u00e8res et de produits agricoles. Peut-\u00eatre que les enseignants eux-m\u00eames n\u2019y mettaient pas suffisamment de vie et de concret pour int\u00e9resser les \u00e9l\u00e8ves. D\u2019ailleurs, la plupart des enseignants de g\u00e9ographie avaient choisi, dans leur cursus universitaire, de privil\u00e9gier l\u2019histoire. J\u2019ai le souvenir d\u2019\u00e9tudiants historiens redoutant la fameuse \u00e9preuve de cartes \u00e0 d\u00e9chiffrer et commenter pour l\u2019oral du CAPES ou de l\u2019agr\u00e9gation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9ographie a longtemps oscill\u00e9 entre son caract\u00e8re scientifique lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agissait de d\u00e9crire et d\u2019expliquer les formes du terrain (g\u00e9omorphologie) ou les variations du climat (climatologie), la vari\u00e9t\u00e9 des sols (p\u00e9dologie), etc. et son caract\u00e8re plus descriptif et plus litt\u00e9raire dans les divers champs de la g\u00e9ographie humaine ou sociale. Par d\u00e9finition, le g\u00e9ographe est un homme de synth\u00e8se empruntant souvent son vocabulaire et ses m\u00e9thodes \u00e0 la g\u00e9ologie, \u00e0 la sociologie, \u00e0 l\u2019histoire, et d\u00e9sormais \u00e0 l\u2019urbanisme, et plus r\u00e9cemment \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cologie. Le g\u00e9ographe est un touche-\u00e0-tout; ce qui a suscit\u00e9 les critiques des disciplines voisines et auxiliaires, mais aussi sa chance et son int\u00e9r\u00eat parce qu\u2019elle est diverse et synth\u00e9tique. Elle s\u2019attache \u00e0 ce qui est visible dans l\u2019espace et s\u2019appuie sur les diff\u00e9rentes \u00e9chelles qu\u2019une r\u00e9alit\u00e9 donne d\u2019elle-m\u00eame. L\u2019enseignement a beaucoup \u00e9volu\u00e9 dans les 50 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, int\u00e9grant les outils toujours plus pr\u00e9cis relevant de ce qu\u2019on appelle le SIG, syst\u00e8me d\u2019information g\u00e9ographique qui int\u00e8gre, stocke, analyse et affiche l\u2019information g\u00e9ographique. Elle s\u2019est orient\u00e9e de plus en plus vers les \u00e9tudes th\u00e9matiques telles qu\u2019on les propose d\u00e9sormais \u00e0 travers les sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s du cycle terminal de nos lyc\u00e9es, d\u00e9laissant ainsi la \u201cg\u00e9ographie g\u00e9n\u00e9rale\u201d, certes moins attractive.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L’association avec l\u2019enseignement de l\u2019histoire, sp\u00e9cificit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise, est aussi d\u2019une richesse et d\u2019un attrait que certains puristes ou sp\u00e9cialistes contestent de mani\u00e8re r\u00e9currente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La g\u00e9ographie, comme l’histoire, concourent \u00e0 la formation de l\u2019honn\u00eate homme, comme l\u2019on disait au XVII\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, et pas seulement \u00e0 la citoyennet\u00e9, comme on l’affirme \u00e0 juste titre aujourd’hui.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pour moi, s\u2019ajoute \u00e0 l\u2019attrait d\u2019une discipline scientifique qui a ses r\u00e8gles et son vocabulaire, une source de plaisir et d\u2019\u00e9vasion, voire de po\u00e9sie lorsqu\u2019elle s\u2019attache aux paysages et qu\u2019elle est si bien servie par des \u00e9crivains comme le Rousseau des \u201cR\u00eaveries du promeneur solitaire\u201d, l\u2019\u00c9lis\u00e9e Reclus de \u201cL\u2019histoire d\u2019un ruisseau\u201d, le Nicolas Bouvier de \u201cL\u2019usage du monde\u201d, le Julien Gracq du \u201cRivage des syrtes\u201d ou le Sylvain Tesson des \u201cFor\u00eats de Sib\u00e9rie\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dominique Cros<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Professeur d’Histoire et de g\u00e9ographie<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chef d’\u00e9tablissement du Coll\u00e8ge St Fran\u00e7ois d\u2019Assise et du Lyc\u00e9e Froment (2010-2017)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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